El cerebro lector
Martín Bonfil Olivera
En su clásico Los demasiados libros, Gabriel Zaid describe las diferentes etapas que implica aprender a leer (integrar las letras de una palabra; las palabras de una oración; todo un párrafo; leer un libro “de golpe”) y las dificultades que tienen los lectores que no han logrado dominarlas. “¿Hay manera más segura de hacer un libro completamente ininteligible que leerlo suficientemente despacio?”, se pregunta Zaid, y añade “Es como ver un mural a dos centímetros de distancia y recorrerlo a razón de diez centímetros cuadrados cada tercer día durante un año, como una lagartija miope”.
Las neurociencias han propuesto que existen áreas especializadas no sólo en la visión, sino específicamente para la lectura. El tema es debatido, pues se sabe que el cerebro no consta de “módulos” anatómica y fisiológicamente separados, cada uno dedicado a una función particular, sino que es un órgano integrado y flexible en que las funciones, aunque a grandes rasgos puedan localizarse, se encuentran también distribuidas.
Por ello sorprende el artículo publicado recientemente en la revista Neuron y firmado por Laurent Cohen y colaboradores. Gracias a un caso fortuito (un paciente epiléptico que requirió cirugía cerebral), los científicos tuvieron la oportunidad de probar las habilidades lectoras de una persona antes y después de que se eliminara cierta área cerebral presuntamente relacionada específicamente con el reconocimiento visual de palabras.
Antes de la operación, el paciente tardaba unos 600 milisegundos en reconocer una palabra de 3 a 9 letras. Ya operado, tardaba mil milisegundos en reconocer una de tres letras, y 300 milisegundos más por letra extra. Este déficit de lectura, llamado “alexia”, comprueba que el área estudiada efectivamente permite reconocer las palabras por su forma, sin tener que deletrear; función indispensable, dice Zaid, para la buena lectura.
Queda por explicar el problema de cómo, en los sólo seis mil años en que ha existido la escritura, pudo evolucionar un área cerebral especializada para leer.
Pero ¡ojo!: no es probable que el bajísimo índice de lectura de los mexicanos se deba a un defecto cerebral congénito (que en principio sería remediable). Seguramente se trata más bien de una carencia de tipo de cultural que no se remedia con simple cirugía cerebral… ni mucho menos con la construcción de megabibliotecas inútiles. ¡Mala suerte!
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