Dirección General de Divulgación de la Ciencia, UNAM
Publicado en Milenio Diario, 15 de febrero de 2012
Mitosis |
Las películas de microcine donde se aprecia el proceso son muy bellas, pero hasta hace poco no se sabía en detalle cómo los cromosomas podían moverse con tal complejidad y precisión (recordemos que un mal reparto de cromosomas puede llevar a alteraciones de salud tan serias como el síndrome de Down, causar un cáncer o hacer que un feto sea inviable).
Molécula de kinesina "caminando" sobre un microtúbulo |
Una pregunta que no había podido responderse es cómo sabe la célula que los cromosomas están correctamente alineados tanto respecto al eje norte-sur de la célula como respecto al ecuador. Después de todo, las células no tienen un cerebro para saber si están haciendo bien las cosas: en la mitosis sólo hay cromosomas, microtúbulos y motores moleculares sin inteligencia.
El huso mitótico, con los cromosomas en azul y los microtúbulos en verde. a la izquierda y la derecha se hallan los centrosomas, de donde surgen los microtúbulos |
Resulta que, si los cromosomas se acercan demasiado a la zona ecuatorial de la membrana celular, una sustancia que emiten, llamada Ran, “apaga” el mecanismo que los jala; si el cromosoma se aleja, el mecanismo se reactiva. Lo mismo sucede en los polos de la célula: otra proteína, Plk1, apaga el motor de dineína, unido a la membrana, cuando los centrosomas se acercan demasiado; cuando se alejan, el motor se reactiva. A través de sucesivos ciclos de acercamiento y alejamiento, los cromosomas van ajustando su posición hasta quedar perfectamente alineados.
Así, los nanomecanismos moleculares del interior de la célula, producto de la evolución por selección natural, permiten el exquisito funcionamiento de uno de los procesos más delicados y asombrosos del mundo biológico: la división celular, un verdadero baile de la vida.
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La palabra "cromosoma" me ofrece el pretexto de contar mi historia sobre mi maestra de biología de la secundaria. No voy a decir el nombre pero es una escuela con muy buena reputación en la Ciudad de México.
Nos dijo que las mujeres tenían dos cromosomas X y los hombres uno X y uno Y. Entonces, y aquí viene lo asombroso, principalmente por provenir de una maestra... nos dijo y no era broma que por eso había muchas más mujeres en el mundo que hombres!!?? Porque son 3 contra uno.
Aún a los 14 años yo sabía que esto era una estupidez y me afectó profundamente. Desde ese entonces me volví en extremo, demasiado seguramente, escéptico de lo que me decían los maestros. Tengo otros muchos ejemplos de maestros sembrando en los alumnos toda suerte de disparates, pero esta se me quedó muy presente.
"el exquisito funcionamiento de uno de los procesos más delicados y asombrosos del mundo biológico..." Tocayo, ni mas ni menos.
La mejor manera de corresponder, diria yo, a tal riqueza, a tal proeza, de la vida, es entendiendola, es valorandola, es respetandola.
Tal maravilla, merece que la tratemos con el debido asombro y reverencia. Digo yo.
me encanto el post! felicitaciones
Oye esto está excelente, lo que más me gustó fue la imagen de la molécula "caminante". Ya había visto una imagen así antes y en verdad me parece algo sorprendente. Sin duda el mundo natural es una fuente de conocimiento grandiosa!
Excelente entrada. No conocía la complejidad (y a la vez la sencillez, para que luego no nos vengan aqui a dar lata con eso de la complejidad irreductible) del mecanismo de la mitosis.
Saludos
Hola, que tal?
Apenas hoy, gracias a mi papá, describí tu blog y me pareció deliciosamente interesante. No dudes que, estaré leyendo frecuentemente tus notas y compartiendo con mis amigos aquellas que me parezcan dignas de ser compartidas.
Saludos!
Mil gracias a todos por sus amables comentarios!
Mil gracias a todos por sus amables comentarios!
Interesante!
Conocer este mecanismo nos permitirá desarrollar medicamentos contra el cáncer más eficientes. De hecho el docetaxel, indicado principalmente en CA de Mama, favorece el desarrollo de los microtúbulos pero impide el proceso donde los cromosomas se dirigen a los polos para formar las nuevas células. Interesante el artículo como siempre.
Que bonito, no? Mecanismos de este estilo que actuan como si hubiese una inteligencia guiandolos.
Un amigo mio, investigador del Instituto de Fisica de la UNAM me platicaba de sus trabajos en procesos de "stick and slip", algo asi como pega y resbala, en cromosomas. La verdad no le entendi muy bien y lo poco que le entendi ya se me olvido, pero ahora que leo esto me suena familiar.
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