Publicado en Milenio Diario, 17 de octubre de 2012
Hace unas semanas comentábamos en este espacio las ocasionales escaramuzas entre ciencia y filosofía. Uno de los campos en donde estas discusiones han estado más activas en el de la evolución. Y quizá la pregunta más frecuente al respecto es si puede descartarse como “no científica” la idea de que podría haber un proyecto detrás del proceso evolutivo. En otras palabras, si la evolución pudiera tener una dirección (por ejemplo hacia una mayor complejidad, o mayor inteligencia, como popularmente se cree), o si el proceso mismo de la evolución pudiera estar dirigido por alguna inteligencia superior, quizá divina (según proponen tanto la iglesia católica como los proponentes del “diseño inteligente”, una forma disfrazada de ese creacionismo cristiano tan popular en los Estados Unidos).
¿Por qué no podría haber un proyecto, un plan inteligente detrás de la evolución, o al menos una tendencia general que le diera dirección? En realidad no es que no pueda haberla: es que, desde un punto de vista científico –y el estudio de la evolución biológica es una rama de la ciencia– no es una hipótesis que se pueda someter a prueba.
La ciencia, desde sus mismos orígenes, ha estado comprometida con una postura filosófica que se conoce como “naturalismo metodológico”. Ha recibido otros nombres, como “materialismo” (pero no sólo la materia forma parte de las explicaciones científicas; también la energía, el espacio, el tiempo, y los fenómenos emergentes no materiales que surgen a partir de ellos, como la vida o la conciencia), o “reduccionismo” (pero no todas las explicaciones son reduccionistas en un sentido eliminativo, es decir, que niegue la existencia de cosas como la vida o el amor para reducirlas, por ejemplo, a simples fenómenos químicos).
Más bien, el naturalismo metodológico de la ciencia quiere decir que ésta se limita estudiar y a proponer explicaciones de fenómenos naturales, dejando fuera de su ámbito de acción todo aquello que pueda calificarse de sobrenatural. ¿Por qué esta limitación? Porque, por definición, lo sobrenatural no sigue reglas: la magia, los milagros o las intervenciones divinas rompen con las regularidades de la naturaleza, que son lo único que la ciencia puede estudiar (además, las explicaciones sobrenaturales involucran entidades no materiales como dioses o espíritus, y la ciencia no cuenta con herramientas para investigarlos).
¿Puede la ciencia probar que no existe lo sobrenatural? No. Pero tiene que actuar bajo la suposición de no existe; de otro modo, se vería paralizada (por eso su naturalismo es “metodológico”, no ontológico: no habla de lo que existe, sino de con qué se puede trabajar).
Hay quienes se inconforman –como el bioquímico y bloguero Larry Moran, ya mencionado aquí– con esta aparente limitación de la ciencia porque consideran, por ejemplo, que la deja imposibilitada para criticar a las religiones (lo cual, creo yo, no es el papel de la ciencia, de todos modos) o vulnerable a las críticas de los filósofos (lo cual, nuevamente en mi opinión, le hace bien de vez en cuando).
Por todo ello, buscar un objetivo o proyecto en fenómenos como la evolución es, en el fondo, desconfiar de la postura naturalista de la ciencia, que forma parte de su esencia.
Para recibir La ciencia por gusto cada semana
por correo electrónico, ¡suscríbete aqui!
¿Te gustó? ¡Compártelo en Twitter o Facebook!:
53 comentarios:
Aquí un pequeño fragmento, extraído de la Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, que puede ayudar a entiender mejor los fundamentos de la postura naturalista (sabemos de sobra que Bonfil, al escribir para un periódico, tiene limitantes de espacio:
The ‘mechanical philosophers’ of the early seventeenth century held that any material body maintains a constant velocity unless acted on, and moreover held that all action is due to impact between one material particle and another. So stated, the mechanical philosophy immediately precludes anything except impacting material particles from producing physical effects. Leibniz saw this clearly, and concluded that it discredited Descartes' interactive dualism, which had a non-material mind influencing the physical world (Woodhouse, 1985).
During the eighteenth-century heyday of Newtonian physics, science raised no objections to non-physical causes of physical effects. As a result, the default philosophical view was a non-naturalist interactive pluralism which recognized a wide range of such non-physical influences, including spontaneous mental influences (or ‘determinations of the soul’ as they would then have been called).
The nineteenth-century discovery of the conservation of energy continued to allow that sui generis non-physical forces can interact with the physical world, but required that they be governed by strict force laws. This gave rise to an initial wave of naturalist doctrines around the beginning of the twentieth century. Sui generis mental forces were still widely accepted, but an extensive philosophical debate about the significance of the conservation of energy led to a widespread recognition that any such mental forces would need to be law-governed and thus amenable to scientific investigation along with more familiar physical forces.
During the course of the twentieth century received scientific opinion became even more restrictive about possible causes of physical effects, and came to reject sui generis mental or vital causes, even of a law-governed and predictable kind. Detailed physiological research, especially into nerve cells, gave no indication of any physical effects that cannot be explained in terms of basic physical forces that also occur outside living bodies. By the middle of the twentieth century, belief in sui generis mental or vital forces had become a minority view. This led to the widespread acceptance of the doctrine now known as the ‘causal closure’ or the ‘causal completeness’ of the physical realm, according to which all physical effects can be accounted for by basic physical causes (where ‘physical’ can be understood as referring to some list of fundamental forces).
Continúa:
By the middle of the twentieth century, the acceptance of the casual closure of the physical realm led to even stronger naturalist views. The causal closure thesis implies that any mental and biological causes must themselves be physically constituted, if they are to produce physical effects. It thus gives rise to a particularly strong form of ontological naturalism, namely the physicalist doctrine that any state that has physical effects must itself be physical.
From the 1950s onwards, philosophers began to formulate arguments for ontological physicalism. Some of these arguments appealed explicitly to the causal closure of the physical realm (Feigl 1958, Oppenheim and Putnam 1958). In other cases, the reliance on causal closure lay below the surface. However, it is not hard to see that even in these latter cases the causal closure thesis played a crucial role.
Thus, for example, consider J.J.C. Smart's (1958) thought that we should identify mental states with brain states, for otherwise those mental states would be "nomological danglers" which play no role in the explanation of behaviour. Or take David Lewis's (1966) and David Armstrong's (1968) argument that, since mental states are picked out by their causal roles, and since we know that physical states play these roles, mental states must be identical with those physical states. Again, consider Donald Davidson's (1970) argument that, since the only laws governing behaviour are those connecting behaviour with physical antecedents, mental events can only be causes of behaviour if they are identical with those physical antecedents. At first sight, it may not be obvious that these arguments require the causal closure thesis. But a moment's thought will show that none of these arguments would remain cogent if the closure thesis were not true, and that some physical effects (the movement of matter in arms, perhaps, or the firings of the motor neurones which instigate those movements) were not determined by prior physical causes at all, but by sui generis mental causes.
Sometimes it is suggested that the indeterminism of modern quantum mechanics creates room for sui generis non-physical causes to influence the physical world. However, even if quantum mechanics implies that some physical effects are themselves undetermined, it provides no reason to doubt a quantum version of the causal closure thesis, to the effect that the chances of those effects are fully fixed by prior physical circumstances. And this alone is enough to rule out sui generis non-physical causes. For such sui generis causes, if they are to be genuinely efficiacious, must presumably make an independent difference to the chances of physical effects, and this in itself would be inconsistent with the quantum causal closure claim that such chances are already fixed by prior physical circumstances. Once more, it seems that anything that makes a difference to the physical realm must itself be physical.
Tocayo: leí CON MUCHA ATENCION tu segundo inserto acerca del naturalismo metodologico y he de decir que me sorprendio MUY GRATAMENTE.
Pense en un inicio que sería la reedicion del inserto de hace dos miercoles, pero veo que no. Por supuesto recalco que soy un lego y en esto a lo mas que podria llegar es a aficionado practico, a un amateur entusiasta, y que aun siento que mis objeciones para aquel otro articulo (ciencia vs filosofia) persisten... pero no con este.
Me gustó mucho y concuerdo ampliamente: la ciencia no se ocupa de todo lo que existe, sino de lo que se puede probar. No se avoca a probar que algo no exista, sino a probar qu algo existe.
En fin, si citara todo lo que me gustó del articulo, terminaria por reproducirlo. Asi que, n i un pero de mi parte a este inserto.
PD. Hablando de chilaquiles... ¿podrias dedicarle un articulo al salto ESPECTACULAR del austriaco que rompio la barrera del sonido? me parece un logro fuera de credibilidad, si no fuera tan real como lo es. UNA MARAVILLA y paso en mi tiempo en este mundo. Solo cruzo los dedos que pueda ver un hombre haciendo pie en Marte, pero este de entrada es un logrototote ¿te animas a dedicarle un articulo? saludos a todos.
Esto sobre los chilaquiles:
http://amyshirateitel.com/2012/10/16/redbulls-stratos-stunt/
According to YouTube, eight million people watched Felix Baumgartner’s high altitude jump on Sunday morning. It was exciting and death-defying, but at the end of the day it was a just an elaborate publicity stunt that will likely see RedBull sales skyrocket this month.
Jumping from 24 miles doesn’t push human limits so much as technological limits. Technology kept Baumgartner alive during his ascent, protected him from the harsh environment during the fall, and slowed him to a soft landing. The other thing that stands out in the tagline is its implication that we haven’t learned anything about surviving in these types of extreme environments since 1962.
It’s not entirely clear what applications this data would have, like the research on “passenger/crew exit from space.” The morning of the jump, people asked me whether the point was to prove that astronauts could jump from the International Space Station in an emergency. It wasn’t. Baumgartner’s 128,000 foot altitude (he overshot his mark) is only about 24 miles; the ISS orbits at an altitude of about 200 miles. Not to mention the astronauts on the ISS are weightless because they’re falling around the Earth at the same rate as the station, and that wouldn’t change if they stepped outside. It’s also unclear what other high altitude/high acceleration and supersonic environments in which people would find themselves that we need data on survival. Yes, there may have been some interesting data gathered from the jump, but it’s not enough to classify the stunt as any kind of research program.
It was touted as being a jump from space, but 24 miles isn’t space. There’s no clear limit where the atmosphere ends and space begins, but the general consensus is that it’s around the 62 mile mark. NASA, which was established to run the space game in 1958, has awarded astronaut wings to pilots who’ve flown higher than 50 miles. Calling the Stratos jump a jump from space is just not true, and unfortunately with eight million people watching those eight million people now have a very wrong idea about where space starts.
This was far from the only misinformation associated with the event. RedBull did a terrible job at presenting Kittinger’s 1960 jump. A real shame ,especially since Kittinger was Baumgartner’s capcom.
Ribozyme, gracias por el texto, me da la idea de una opinion informada... pero no puedo dejar de opinar, de este texto, que ¡AH QUE GANAS DE FASTIDIAR!
siento como cuando alguien, viendo que todos se sienten bien y positivos en su animo, dice: "pues no se crean que esto estuvo tan bien" pero si fuera al reves, que cuando ese mismo grupo de personas coincidiera en un animo pesismista, ese objetador diria: "pues no se crean que esto estuvo tan mal"... en fin, LA COSA ES DARSE A NOTAR LLEVANDO LA CONTRARIA.
Si fuera tan comun, tan normal, si no fuera extraordinario NO SE HUBIERAN TARDADO DECADAS EN HACERLO. Si fuera tan comun como un truco publicitario, lo hubiera hecho un modelo, una edecan o un actor y no un hombre record en saltos de paracidismo.
¿pasar a match 1 solo con un traje presurizado protegiendote, y pasar de esa velocidad monstruosa, reduciendola SOLO CON TU TALENTO PARA AUMENTAR LA SUPERFICIE DE ROZAMIENTO CON TU PROPIO CUERPO, para que pudiera desplegarse tu paracidas sin romperse Y SIN ROMPERTE, y eso no es una proeza?
Perdon, pero es una soberana tonteria y ese es el tipo de alejamiento de un tipico cientifico que si no es un experimento controlado, si no es sancionado por su comunidad cientifica, no lo valora... asi como se lee en el texto, casi nos dice que nos engañaron, pobres 8 millones d credulos, que eso ni chiste tiene.
Y que no diga "...A real shame ,especially since Kittinger was Baumgartner’s capcom" que no sea ridiculo el autor de este articulo, la cara y la emocion del jefe de mision, poseedor del anterior record de salto ES DE ABSOLUTA EMOCION por lo conseguido por su colega, su competidor pero sobre todo, la emocion de presenciar una proeza de otro ser humano. PARA ESO HACE FALTA GENEROSIDAD.
Hace falta no escribir con las patitas. No ser mezquino. No ver siempre el puntito negro en una gran hoja blanca...
... pero, asi es esto de la opinadera cientifica. Mezquino, mezquino...
Perdon, una ultima: recuerdan hace unos pocos años, una mexicana, Galia Moss, cruzo el atlantico en su velerito, sin mas apoyo que su tecnologia acopiada, el viento que la empujo, SIN APOYO EXTERNO ADICIONAL (lo que cupo en su navecita a la hora de partir) y sin nadie mas que ella, en su nave, yo creo que como los delfines: durmiendo con un ojo para navegar con el otro...
UN LOGRO ADMIRABLE Y AMPLIAMANETE ELOGIABLE de esta compatriota. Ya me imagino la lista nutrida de PEROS que le hubiera puesto este analista. Casi hubiera tenido Galia que ofrecerle disculpas por no cubrir las expectativas de este exigente señor (alguna vez habra abandonado su comoda lap top o su comodo laboratorio? es pregunta). Casi.
Pero para una persona VALIOSA Y VALIENTE como Galia Moss o este austriaco de nombre impronunciable (Baumgartner) aplica lo de otro temerario: "...deja que los perros ladren, Sancho, señal que vamos avanzando..." ya si es, tal cual.
Tocayo, ademas de la inicial solicitud para que pudieras hablar algo de la mision de red bull stratos, me encontré esto en las noticias, para proponertelo en otra ficha de espera: "Condenan a prisión a científicos por no prevenir sismo:
Un tribunal italiano declara culpables de homicidio involuntario a 7 expertos por no advertir el temblor que sacudió la región de L'Aquila en 2009".
Creo que se pondria muy interesante leer ese tema aqui en tu blog. Saludos.
No lo habían hecho porque no había justificación alguna para hacerlo. No fue sino hasta que a Red Bull se le ocurrió que había dinero que ganar usándolo como campaña de publicidad que alguien finalmente estuvo dispuesto a soltar el dinero necesario. Es como esos lugares que hacen el burrito, la hamburguesa o la pizza más grande del mundo para aparecer en los Récords Guinness, atraer el turismo con un espectáculo banal y hacer dinero. Ésa es toda la motivación.
¿Y cuál es tu motivación para venir aquí a vertir tus opiniones Ribozyme? me imagino que ninguno de tus motivos es banal e intrascendente para todo el género humano por supuesto. De lo contrario te convertirías en un loop infinito y reventarías en mil pedazos.
La diferencia es que yo no gasto millones de dólares en ello ni soy aplaudido por millones de personas al hacerlo...
Detalles, detalles...:
Se denomina tu quoque (locución latina que significa ‘tú también’) al argumento que consiste en rechazar un razonamiento, o considerarlo falso, alegando la inconsistencia de quien lo propone. Es, por tanto, una variante de la falacia ad hominem, o de la falacia ad personam (cfr. Perelman) o ataque personal, mediante la cual se procura demostrar que una crítica o una objeción se aplica igualmente a la persona que la realiza, rechazándola sin entrar a analizarla.
Estructura del argumento:
A critica P.
A es también culpable de P.
Por tanto, la crítica a P es rechazada.
Se trata de una falacia porque la conclusión (rechazo de la crítica a P) no se sigue de las premisas.
No rechazé ni consideré falso tu argumento. Solo te pregunté cuál o cuales son tus motivaciónes.
Siga echándole ganas a la lectura de comprensión. Quizá algún día aprenda a responder lo que se le pregunta.
Prometo aplaudirle y no cobrarle un sólo centavo por ello.
Síganlo aplaudiendo:
Parachuting moron: Felix Baumgartner Sounds Off on NASA, Sir Richard Branson
Oct 27, 2012 12:00 AM EDT
By Mark Hughes
The Austrian daredevil, who travelled to the edge of space before jumping back to Earth, called NASA’s aim to discover life on Mars a waste of money.
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/27/felix-baumgartner-sounds-off-on-nasa-sir-richard-branson.html
Ribzyme, como ya a ocurrido antes, creo que hemos encontrado un espacio para discrepar sin que ello signifique pelear. Al menos yo hago acuse de haber encontrado este espacio.
No tiene que ver con el dinero.
Por supuesto QUE TODO CUESTA, todo, hasta el internet para poder venir a dejar un comentario a este honorable blog. PERO, a pesar de que el dinero TENGA QUE VER, no es lo mismo a decir QUE LA CAUSA ES EL DINERO. Son dos cosas muy diferentes.
La carrera espacial, en los sesentas, fue sencillamente por el placer de explorar. Por el logro de alcanzar algo nunca antes realizado. Por esa vieja compulsion humana de hacer cuanto se pueda hacer, mas alto, mas rapido, mas lejos, mas, mas... la cuiriosidad y la necesidad de vencer limites, eso es el espiritu humano del descubrimiento.
Eso es lo que anima a la ciencia. ASIR el conocimiento. CONSEGUIR el conocimeinto. Es la misma necesidad de saber, de alcanzar.
El salto no lo propuso red bull. El cruzar el atlantico sola no se les ocurrio ni a telmex ni a televisa. Fue a Baumgartner. Fue a Galia.
Fueron PRIMERO los dos, fue el aventurero CON UN SUEÑO POR HACER, un horizonte al cual llegar, una cima que conquistar... esos aventureros NO LES INTERESA QUIEN PAGARÁ, y en su locura, irreverencia y arrojo, solo le sinteresa encontrar a OTRO LOCO PERO CON DINERO, un mecenas, alguien que pague para que ellso exploren.
Y siempre hay quien le pague la Locura, al loco Explorador: un Loco Mecenas, que en ese reto proyecta su propia necesidad de aventura que quedó relegada por la seguridad de la fortuna personal.
No, no fue el dinero ni el negocio lo que impulso a la mision red bull stratos ni al cruce fenomenal del atlantico por Galia Moss... FUERON SIMPLEMENTE LAS GANAS DE DESCUBRIR. Eso que dolorosamente (no lo digo figurativamente, es literal) ha ido eliminando el CINISMO de lso que SOLO DEBIERAN SER ESCEPTICOS, NO CINICOS. Ese genuino espiritu de Asombro, Aventura, de Locura majestuosa que tienen los reales heroes... no importa si el cinismo nos quiere decir, QUE TODO TIENE UN PRECIO. QUE TODO TIENE UN INTERE$.
Porque no es así.
Lo sí es así, es que gente como la del comentario tan "analítico y sesudo", es la misma que cuando todos coinciden en optimismo (lo repito) dicen: "pues no se crean qu todo está tan bien" y cuando hay un razonable pesismismo, dicen "pues no crean que todo es ten malo".
Llevar la contraria para llamar la atencion, segun lo veo.
¿Un hombre viajando mas rapido que una bala?
¿sin mas apoyo en el fondo, que su solo talento una vez emprendida la caida libre?
¿y eso le merece a alguien, pensar que no tuvo valor alguno cientifico?
... yo elijo pensar en el gran logro, en el hito conseguido y en teenr orgullo de contemporizar con ello. No siempre cabe la PUERIL pregunta ¿y eso, para que sirve?
La carrera espacial de los 60 fue claramente motivada como una cuestión de relaciones públicas, como un asunto de orgullo nacional (ningún presidente gringo que quisiera reelegirse querría verse como descuidado en ese aspecto; a Eisenhower le valió el Sputnik porque ya no pensaba reelegirse, pero Kennedy sí) después de los dos golpes del Sputnik 1 y el Vostok 1 con Gagarin (por cierto, el Sputnik 1 fue una demostración del poderío militar de la URSS, para dar a conocer que tenían cohetes capaces de poner un objeto en órbita y por lo tanto de poner cabezas nucleares en el otro lado del mundo). El último round, la carrera a la Luna, lo ganaron los Estados Unidos, y tan pronto eso quedó claro, cancelaron el programa Apollo. Quedaron pendientes dos misiones, las 18 y 19.
Hoy más que nunca la filosofía y la ciencia tienen que volver a ser como lo fue en la época de Aristóteles y Platón, las dos caras de una misma moneda. ¿Son los científicos los filósofos del siglo XXI? Es una cuestión en la que no hay una opinión unánime.
Wοw, this article iѕ pleaѕant, my sister іs analyzing such things,
thus I am goіng to let know her.
Here is my weblog: pożyczki bez bik
Howdy! This is kind of off topic but I need some help from an established blog.
Is it difficult to set up your own blog? I'm not
very techincal but I can figure things out pretty fast. I'm thinking about setting up my own but
I'm not sure where to begin. Do you have any ideas or suggestions? Thank you
My website > org.ua
It’s arduous to find educated
individuals on this topic, but you sound like you already know what you’re talking about!
Thanks
my webpage > enzyme.engr.ccny.cuny.edu
Everyone loves it whenever people come together and share thoughts.
Great site, stick with it!
My blog post Steer clear of man boobs development?
What’s Taking place i'm new to this, I stumbled upon this I have discovered It
absolutely useful and it has aided me out loads. I'm hoping to contribute & assist different customers like
its aided me. Great
job.
My blog : littlebirdtell.blogspot.com
Its such as you learn my thoughts! You appear to understand
so much about this, such as you wrote the e-book in it
or something. I feel that you simply can do with a few % to
power the message home a little bit, but instead of that,
that is excellent blog. A fantastic read. I
will definitely be back.
Also see my web site :: gnomonstudios.com
You could decide the layout of your new home, it is important that reasonable effort is made in finding a home builders in tennessee is
a person or company you'll approach. When you enter into a relationship with a custom home builders in tennessee?
Visit my website :: tennessee contractors
Undeniably consider that which you stated. Your
favourite reason appeared to be at the internet the
easiest factor to keep in mind of. I say to you, I definitely get annoyed even as folks think about worries that they just do
not recognise about. You controlled to hit the
nail upon the top and defined out the
whole thing with no need side effect ,
people can take a signal. Will likely be again to get more.
Thanks
My web site > soforce.com
Wow! Thank you! I always needed to write on my site
something like that. Can I take a fragment of your post
to my
website?
my web site: evan-essence.blogspot.de
It’s really a nice and helpful piece of information.
I’m
happy that you simply shared this useful info
with us. Please keep
us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing.
Feel free to visit my homepage ; http://frazer.hackwerk.net
I like the helpful info you provide in your articles. I’ll bookmark your
weblog
and check again here frequently. I'm quite certain I will learn a lot of new stuff right here! Good luck for the next!
Feel free to surf my blog - wikipedia.nvlt.org
The heading of a automobile boutique anticipated depends upon the size and variety of deserve a living it has to do. There are different sizes of machines of the having said that congenial on machining idiosyncratic sizes of castings and forgings, also there are several kinds of machines as a replacement for doing the require same attentive of performing in divergent grades of refinement. An commercial considerateness is to clothed as at best anecdote machines as reasonable to do as discerning a crease of crash as achievable, and this is choicest pre-eminent last choosing high-grade machines which are not stylish adapted to raise of undertaking,
http://www.2uh.pl/tag/slub/
http://baisi.pl/w-polsce-oddano-do-uzytku-wielka-sortownie-paczek
http://www.2uh.pl/tag/banery-reklamowe-brzeg/
http://ustvor.opoczno.pl/?p=4021
http://poldyn.com.pl/?p=6191
http://www.truefoto.pl/category/technologia/
http://roild.klodzko.pl/firma/4758/
http://www.web-adresy.pl/tag,do,karmienia/
http://ingser.com.pl/kompania/5055/
http://www.burczak.com.pl/strony,blogi,fora/regaly,metalowe,s,979/
Then it is important to apply general amount involving any medical cream like Clearasil on your own face.
Individuals who have suffered with acne look forward to the day when they can look
in the mirror and see skin that is pimple and blemish-free.
Make certain that the information you get is genuine in order that you can effectively
do away with your warts.
Here is my web-site - How to get rid of warts
Good post. I learn one thing more difficult on different blogs everyday.
It should all the time be stimulating to read content material from other
writers and practice a bit
one thing from their store. I’d choose to use some with
the
content material on my weblog whether you don’t mind.
Natually I’ll give you a hyperlink on your internet blog.
Thanks for sharing.
Visit my webpage - http://www.wapmaster2.com/blog/view/324641/golfing-weekend-breaks-in-spain
Breaking into internet marketing and increasing your business is
possible
In case somebody does try to do so, he'll be taken aback by all the extra levels of car security that he'll just proceed to the
next vehicle
Take a look at my weblog ... car alarm
Thanks in support of sharing such a pleasant thought, piece of writing is pleasant, thats why
i have read it fully
Here is my weblog ... visit here for hostgator reviews
Fish oil is a practical way to decrease with long term pain and symptoms
related with arthritis
Feel free to visit my web-site ... omega 3 6 9
It seems the Gujarat investors are returning to real estate business after an
interval. Despite the fact that Pakistan real estate offers competitive returns and quick capital
appreciation, many people are inclined to invest in sectors other than real estate due to impeding energy crises and rapidly growing inflation.
This all depends on where you are thinking of investing.
Here is my website ... Vuokra-asunnot
Hi! I know this is kind of off topic
but I was wondering if you knew where I could find a captcha plugin for my comment form?
I'm using the same
blog platform as yours and I'm having problems finding one?
Thanks a lot!
my web blog alofokemusic.net
Wow! Thank you! I continually wanted to write on my site something like that.
Can I include a part of your post to my
website?
Here is my web site ... Www.Astromindsclub.com
Aw, this was a very nice post. In thought I wish to
put in writing
like this additionally - taking time and
precise effort to make an excellent article…
but what can I say… I procrastinate alot and under
no circumstances appear to get something done.
My web site :: http://elgg.punahou.edu/2010Anthropology/pg/blog/LaineRobinson83/read/160336/the-history-of-villamartin-spain
There doesn't seem to be an awful lot of difference between the two apps, although reviews on the Marketplace indicate that Lazy - Tube has some issues storing login details while You - Tube by Lazy - Worm has performance issues, depending on your phone. When you want to give the appearance that you have a lot of views for your video, buy Youtube views. The more you appeal to people the more followers you will have.
Here is my site - how youtube views are calculated
I have been exploring for a little for any high quality articles or blog
posts
on this sort of area . Exploring in Yahoo I at last stumbled
upon this site. Reading this
information So i’m happy to convey that I've a very good uncanny feeling I
discovered just what I needed. I most certainly will make sure to don’t forget this web
site and give it a look regularly.
My site ... www.moodlesocial.com
Fantastic goods from you, man. I have understand your
stuff previous to and
you're just too great. I actually like what
you've acquired here, really like what you're stating and the way in which you
say it. You make it entertaining and you still take care of to keep it sensible. I
can not wait to read far more from you. This is actually a wonderful web site.
Also visit my blog post - http://chairsandco.com
Thе writе-up fеatures сοnfiгmeԁ
useful to us. It’s verу informative and
yοu're simply certainly very knowledgeable in this field. You possess opened my own sight in order to varying thoughts about this particular topic along with intriquing, notable and strong articles.
Also visit my blog post viagra online
Check out my blog post - viagra
I blog often and I really appreciate your information.
This great article has really peaked my interest. I'm going to bookmark your website and keep checking for new details about once a week. I opted in for your Feed too.
Here is my web page interesting news
Heya i am for the primary time here. I came across this boагd and I find It
rеally useful & it helped me out much. I'm hoping to give one thing again and aid others like you helped me.
Take a look at my web page - Same Day Payday Loans
Really no matter if someone dοеsn't be aware of then its up to other viewers that they will assist, so here it happens.
Stop by my blog reputation management
If some one wants to be updated with most up-to-date technologies therefore he must be
pay a quick visit this web page and be up to date daily.
My web-site :: individual reputation management
Excellent goods from you, mаn. I've understand your stuff previous to and you are just too great. I really like what you have acquired here, certainly like what you are saying and the way in which you say it. You make it entertaining and you still care for to keep it smart. I can not wait to read much more from you. This is really a wonderful site.
Here is my homepage - lloyd irvin
Scientific attest endorses the impression that Verity About
Abs can help" you will belike experience a bully six-pack and fantastical muscleman timbre! Irrespective of which physical exertions you pick out, shuffling upper, heart and lower abs since the muscular tissue is all one musculus mathematical group that either declaration bridges together as one or doesn t contract. You may be fit, levelheaded, doc before starting out a dieting or practise program. Stay in this perspective together Kate Middleton, Cheryl Cole, Michelle Keegan and Jessica Ennis?
Feel free to visit my page http://www.truthaboutabsdon.com - truth about abs
Leading wines dealers have a skilled people rrncluding a solid range of great home wine, which
render it quick to discover the most effective water bottle.
The fact can shocker anyone. Your skin . the different Bay Tahoe
contractual costs the actual 's a ideal Kansas city getaway that features numerous types of and as well as dining places that could make an attempt to serve the many will taste for both its northern border and so Southern area seashore. Easy' foods are close by.
Ahead this man stop, this individual bemoaned the terrible
fact about the retail business person they may possibly sooner lacking the advantage to or perhaps really good beverages.
my blog post - hamilton beach coffee makers parts ()
[39]National Commission on Terrorism: Countering the Changing Threat of International Terrorism November 27, 2004.
A Yemeni in Aden, a former British colony was quoted in 2009 saying,“Most of what we have is
what the British built when they were here. The speaker, Tariq Ramadan,
was once banned from entering the United States.
Look into my web site - islamic education and research academy
of course like your website but you have to take a look at the spelling on several of your posts.
Several of them are rife with spelling problems and I find
it very bothersome to tell the reality on the other hand
I'll definitely come back again.
My page ... pożyczki pod zastaw bez bik
Not more longing to become popular at present. Buy Facebook Followers as a way to obtain fame and acceptance on the internet in a small duration. buy real followers for facebook
If you are seeking finest and basic method to promote your business then this solution is flawlessly suitable with your need. buy usa likes
Publicar un comentario